And there are many different types of neurons. Chapter 12Nervous Tissue. Nervous tissue is composed of two types of cells, neurons and glial cells. Which are classified as grey matter? PPT - Histology of Nervous Tissue PowerPoint Presentation, free In these slides you will not be able to discern the amazing dendritic tree that extends from the Purkinje cell bodies into the molecular layer, nor will you be able to see their axons, which extend down through the granular layer into deeper parts of the cerebellum. For an even more detailed view, an electron microscopy can be used. 10:10 - 12:05 Muscle Tissue ppt | pdf WEEK 2 Monday, August 22. Nervous tissue contains two basic categories of cells: neurons and support cells (glia). Slide 66a View Virtual Slide shows a section of thoracic spinal cord. The epidermis is a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium mostly made out of keratinocytes. The relationship of these two types of glial cells to ganglia and nerves in the PNS is seen in Figure 5. Generally, they are supporting cells for the neurons in the central nervous system. Some ways in which they support neurons in the central nervous system are by maintaining the concentration of chemicals in the extracellular space, removing excess signaling molecules, reacting to tissue damage, and contributing to the blood-brain barrier (BBB). While their origin is not conclusively determined, their function is related to what macrophages do in the rest of the body. The lipids are essentially the phospholipids of the glial cell membrane. Description: Chapter 11 Histology of Nervous Tissue J.F. However, if you take a much closer look, youll see that the histology of bones, is a whole other story. This is the reason why people with extensive burns are in life-threatening danger. Skeletal muscle consists of long cylindrical-shaped muscle cells with multiple, peripherally located nuclei and a cytoplasm filled with myofibrils. The alimentary canal is a tube extending from the mouth to the anus that serves as a channel for food and water to be digested, their nutrients absorbed and indigestible portions excreted. I would honestly say that Kenhub cut my study time in half. Learning anatomy is a massive undertaking, and we're here to help you pass with flying colours. There are six types of glial cells. They are electrically active and release chemical signals to target cells. Examine the layered organization of the cerebral cortex usingslide 76stained withluxol blue/cresyl violet[orientation](which stains white matter tracts and cell bodies) ortoluidine blue and eosin[orientation](TB&E, toluidine blue stains the nuclei and RER of cells whereas eosin stains membranes and axon tracts). Histology Special Stains: Nervous Tissue - LabCE Reading time: 28 minutes. The first step in tissue preparation for optic microscopy is fixation. Microglia are, as the name implies, smaller than most of the other glial cells. Gray matter is mostly made of neuronal bodies, dendrites and glial cells whereas white matter is made primarily out of myelinated axons. It provides preganglionic visceral motor output to sympathetic ganglia. Depending on the type of cells present (fibroblasts, osteocytes, erythrocytes) and the ECM arrangement, connective tissue can be classified as connective tissue proper or specialized connective tissue. The basic functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. Neurons in the dorsal horn are essentially interneurons that project to other regions of the CNS (e.g., motor neurons in the spinal cord or sensory input to the brain), so they have much smaller overall volume and therefore much less metabolic demand compared to motor neurons which project to target muscles that may be more than a meter away. This traps and removes any inhaled dust, bacteria or foregn substances. Histology of the Nervous System - PowerPoint PPT Presentation - PowerShow They are highly specialized to transmit nerve impulses. Histology guide: Definition and slides | Kenhub Other staining techniques such as Masson trichrome, alcian blue, reticulin stain and others are sometimes used to demonstrate specific tissue components not seen on a H&E stain. Because of this, only specific types of molecules can enter the CNS. Two nodes of Ranvier are circled in Figure 9 below. Mescher, A. L. (2013). Histology of Nervous Tissue - PowerPoint PPT Presentation - PowerShow They provide support, performing similar functions in the periphery as astrocytes do in the CNSexcept, of course, for establishing the BBB.The second type of glial cell is the Schwann cell, which insulate axons with myelin in the periphery. 1. Both respond immunologically to foreign material in the fluid passing through. Get an overview of the different types of epithelial tissue: Connective tissue connects, separates and supports the body organs. Ppt #2. Examine the boundary between molecular and granule cell layers. Human anatomy is pretty straightforward. Figure 1, Figure 4, and Figure 5 show the myelin sheath surrounding an axon segment, but are not to scale. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. Supporting cells dont get as much credit as neurons in popular culture; but did you know that glial cells make up at least 80% of nervous tissue? Also note these columnar cells lining the ventricles of the brain. Myelin is lipid-rich, and on gross inspection appears white. They are large, easily distinguishable, and have an extensive dendritic tree that is not visible in typical histology. The other major glial cell type you should know about are microglia which are small cells derived from blood monocytes. Examine the gray matter on each side of the sulcus using first low and then high power. Nervous Tissue - PowerPoint PPT Presentation - PowerShow Information flows through a neuron from the dendrites, across the cell body, and down the axon. Oligodendrocytes have processes that reach out to multiple axon segments, whereas the entire Schwann cell surrounds just one axon segment. The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and its associated organs (tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gallbladder). thyroid, ovaries, suprarenal) and individual hormone-secreting cells found in many organs of the body (e.g. The study of. Cerebral cortex 3. The perikarya of large somatic motor neurons slide 065-2 View Image located in the ventral horn of the cord innervate the skeletal muscles of the limbs and trunk, which are embryologically derived from somites (hence, somatic muscles). It is made up of gray matter and white matter. Did you know that chronic alcoholics have a lot more smooth endoplasmic reticulum concentrations in their hepatocytes? Electron microscopy (EM) is a more modern form of microscopy that provides a much higher magnification and high resolution images. Both neurons and glia have fine processes projecting from the cell body, which generally cannot be resolved in the light microscope without special staining techniques. Specialized connective tissue includes the blood, reticular, cartilage, bone and adipose tissue. Additional sub-classifications are possible, based on the cell specializations. What is the distinction between the CNS and the PNS? The neuron is the structural and functional/electrically excitable unit of the nervous system Nervous system The nervous system is a small and complex system that consists of an intricate network of neural cells (or neurons) and even more glial cells (for support and insulation). Slides include types of epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle tissue and is ideal for an anatomy and physiology course. As cells are generally colourless, they need to be stained so that they can be easily viewed under the microscope. There is a lot more to know about the female reproductive system. All of these features give muscles the ability to contract and perform various functions, such as movement of the extremities (skeletal muscle), peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract (smooth muscle) and beating of the heart (cardiac muscle). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. Histology of Nervous TissueNervous system ppt #2. Spleen and lymph node histology shows an encapsulated meshwork of fibres, in which immune system cells sit. behaviors, memories, and movements. Body tissues are collections of cells, grouped in the body according to structure and function. The renal corpuscle contains the glomerulus, a tuft of fenestrated capillaries which creates an ultrafiltrate of blood. The function of myelin will be discussed below. In situ hybridisation is a method of localizing and quantifying DNA or RNA sequences. Myelin, however, is more than just the membrane of the glial cell. It is named after the anatomist who discovered it (Jan Evangilista Purkinje, 17871869). Primary lymphoid organs (bone marrow and thymus) produce lymphocytes (B and T cells) while secondary lymphoid organs (diffuse lymphoid tissues, lymphatic nodules, lymph nodes and spleen) help to rid the body of toxins, waste and other unwanted material. Secondly, the cell bodies of unipolar neurons are always found in ganglia. At a microscopic level, a nephron consists of a renal corpuscle and a series of tubules. Because of the privileged blood supply inherent in the BBB, the extracellular space in nervous tissue does not easily exchange components with the blood. The cytoplasm contains specialized subunits called organelles which work like little organs. the peripheral nerves and peripheral ganglia. Describe the organization and understand some of the basic functions of regions of the: Observe the 3-layered organization of the, Outer plexiform (molecular) layer: sparse neurons and glia, Outer granular layer: small pyramidal and stellate neurons, Outer pyramidal layer: moderate sized pyramidal neurons (should be able to see these in either, Inner granular layer: densely packed stellate neurons (usually the numerous processes arent visible, but there are lots of nuclei reflecting the cell density), Ganglionic orinner pyramidal layer: large pyramidal neurons (should be able to see these in either, Multiform cell layer: mixture of small pyramidal and stellate neurons. Lymph nodes are distributed along lymphatic vessels, filtering lymph as it passes through. Lastly, the specimen is stained with hematoxylin and eosin dyes. Kim Bengochea, Regis University, Denver. Test yourself on cardiac muscle tissue with the following quiz. Because of the difficulty of discerning each glial cell type by routine light microscopy, you will not be required to identify glial cells in HE-stained sections by light microscopy, but you should be aware of their functions. Slide 076cerebrumcerebrum luxol blue crossView Virtual Slide, Slide 076bcerebrumTB&EView Virtual Slide. It consists of widely separated mesenchymal cells and ground substance with an abundance of hyaluronic acid. There are many neurons in the nervous systema number in the trillions. These cells have a single, long, nerve tract entering the bottom of the cell body. Learn more about the histology of the upper and lower digestive tract. The glomerulus contains some interesting cells, such as mesangial cells which have supportive and phagocytic properties; juxtaglomerular cells that secrete renin which acts, in a broad sense, to help regulate our blood pressure; podocytes that control the permeability of the filtration membrane; and many more. Above the temporal (ventral or inferior) horn of the lateral ventricle the lateral geniculate nucleus is present. All cells of the human body are eukaryotic, meaning that they are organized into two parts: nucleus and cytoplasm. During development, the glial cell is loosely or incompletely wrapped around the axon (Figure 6). For now, focus just on the morphology of these regions and observe the presence of three distinct layers rather than the six layers found in the cerebral cortex (evolutionarily speaking, the three-layered organization is considered to be "older," so this type of cortex is also known as "archicortex" whereas the "newer" six-layered cerebral cortex is "neocortex"). It is composed of densely packed epithelial cells with only a little extracellular matrix (ECM). Review the organization of gray and white matter in cerebral cortex vs. spinal cord. As the name implies, the cell body is shaped somewhat like a pyramid, with a large, branching dendrite extending from the apex of the pyramid toward the cortical surface, and with an axon extending downward from the base of the pyramid. The proteins are then exposed to labeled artificial antibodies that bind to the protein of interest and catalyse a chemiluminescent reaction, in which light is emitted as a result of a chemical reaction allowing visualization of the protein. . Human unipolar cells have an axon that emerges from the cell body, but it splits so that the axon can extend along a very long distance. Organelles can be membranous (mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum) or non-membranous (ribosomes, nucleolus, centrioles). Here, the tissue of interest is immersed in a fixative solution. It provides somatic motor output to skeletal muscles. Click on the tissue and observe. Since tissues are normally colourless, applying a dye to the tissue section allows the cells and their components to be seen under a microscope. Nervous system - Histology The endocrine system is divided into major endocrine glands (e.g. Together this gives us the various types of epithelial tissues, such as simple squamous epithelium, stratified cuboidal epithelium, pseudostratified columnar epithelium and many more. Ana 211 (Histology of Nervous tissue).pptx - Academia.edu Onecommonly used technique is Western blot, in which proteins are separated from one another based on molecular weight using gel electrophoresis. . The lighter-colored layers on both sides of the axon are myelin. Other blotting techniques include Southern blot, Western blot, Far-Western blot, Southwestern blot, Eastern blot, Far-Eastern blot, Northern blot, Reverse Northern blot and Dot blot. Histology. Contrast the differences in the histological appearance of a pyramidal cell versus a Purkinje cell. Glial cells, such as astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells and others, provide support, nourishment, myelination and protection to neurons.